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BIOLOGY MCQs

100 Questions TextBook
1

What protein are microtubules, which form the cytoskeleton, made of?

A
Actin
B
Keratin
C
Tubulin
D
Vimentin
2

Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell?

A
Nucleus
B
Ribosome
C
Lysosome
D
Mitochondrion
3

The process of cellular respiration to produce ATP occurs in the:

A
Chloroplasts
B
Mitochondria
C
Ribosomes
D
Nucleus
4

What is the main function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

A
Protein synthesis
B
Lipid metabolism and detoxification
C
Breaking down waste
D
Energy production
5

Lysosomes are predominantly found in which type of cells?

A
Plant cells
B
Animal cells
C
Bacterial cells
D
Fungal cells
6

Which plastids are responsible for storing starches, lipids, and proteins?

A
Chloroplasts
B
Chromoplasts
C
Leucoplasts
D
Carotenoids
7

The membrane of a plant cell vacuole is called the:

A
Tonoplast
B
Cell sap
C
Plasmodesma
D
Granum
8

Which structure, absent in higher plants, is responsible for forming spindle fibres in animal cells?

A
Ribosome
B
Centriole
C
Cell wall
D
Chloroplast
9

Prokaryotic flagella are made of a protein called:

A
Actin
B
Tubulin
C
Keratin
D
Flagellin
10

Which specialized plant cells are responsible for photosynthesis?

A
Epidermal cells
B
Mesophyll cells
C
Root hair cells
D
Guard cells
11

What is the primary function of red blood cells (Erythrocytes)?

A
Transmitting nerve impulses
B
Causing muscle contraction
C
Carrying oxygen
D
Detoxifying substances
12

The concept of 'division of labour' within a cell is exemplified by:

A
Organelles performing different functions
B
The cell dividing into two
C
Cells specializing in a tissue
D
The nucleus controlling everything
13

A zygote is an example of what type of cell?

A
Specialized cell
B
Differentiated cell
C
Unspecialized stem cell
D
Nerve cell
14

What material makes up the cell wall of fungi?

A
Cellulose
B
Peptidoglycan
C
Chitin
D
Lignin
15

The inner folds of the mitochondria are called:

A
Stroma
B
Grana
C
Cristae
D
Thylakoids
16

The part of the cytoplasm that includes ribosomes and small particles but not membrane-bound organelles is:

A
Nucleoplasm
B
Cytosol
C
Matrix
D
Stroma
17

Which structures are channels in plant cell walls that allow exchange between adjacent cells?

A
Nuclear pores
B
Plasmodesmata
C
Microtubules
D
Gap junctions
18

Cardiac muscle cells are described as:

A
Long and striated
B
Branched and striated
C
Spindle shaped and non-striated
D
Flat and tightly packed
19

Which organelle modifies proteins coming from the rough ER and packs them into vesicles?

A
Lysosome
B
Mitochondrion
C
Ribosome
D
Golgi apparatus
20

The green pigment in chloroplasts necessary for photosynthesis is:

A
Carotenoid
B
Chlorophyll
C
Actin
D
Hemoglobin
21

Mature mammalian red blood cells lack a nucleus to:

A
Move more flexibly
B
Carry more haemoglobin
C
Produce more energy
D
Divide more quickly
22

Which cells in the leaf epidermis regulate the opening and closing of stomata?

A
Mesophyll cells
B
Root hair cells
C
Guard cells
D
Xylem cells
23

The 'control center' of the cell that directs the production of proteins is the:

A
Mitochondrion
B
Nucleus
C
Ribosome
D
Cytoplasm
24

Chromatin is composed of DNA and what other substance?

A
Lipids
B
Carbohydrates
C
RNA
D
Proteins
25

Which of the following cells can be seen with the naked eye?

A
Red blood cell
B
Liver cell
C
Ostrich egg cell
D
Muscle cell
26

The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and what other component?

A
Intermediate filaments
B
Cellulose fibres
C
Cilia
D
Flagella
27

Contractile proteins like actin are the main component of:

A
Microtubules
B
Intermediate filaments
C
Microfilaments
D
Cilia
28

The watery solution of salts inside a large plant vacuole is called:

A
Cytosol
B
Cell sap
C
Stroma
D
Protoplasm
29

A pair of centrioles in an animal cell is called a:

A
Centrosome
B
Centromere
C
Basal body
D
Kinetochore
30

The process where cells get special sizes, structures, and metabolic features is called:

A
Division of labour
B
Cell specialization
C
Regeneration
D
Cell division
31

Liver cells, also known as hepatocytes, are specialized for:

A
Contraction
B
Transmitting impulses
C
Photosynthesis
D
Detoxification and metabolism
32

Which organelles are described as tiny granular structures that are sites of protein synthesis?

A
Lysosomes
B
Ribosomes
C
Mitochondria
D
Centrioles
33

The cell wall of prokaryotes is made of:

A
Chitin
B
Cellulose
C
Peptidoglycan
D
Lignin
34

Which part of a neuron receives nerve impulses and transmits them to the cell body?

A
Axon
B
Myelin sheath
C
Dendrite
D
Synapse
35

Turgor pressure in plant cells is maintained by the:

A
Cell wall
B
Large central vacuole
C
Cytoskeleton
D
Chloroplasts
36

Stem cells present in the bone marrow differentiate to make:

A
Nerve cells
B
Muscle cells
C
Blood cells and immune cells
D
Epithelial cells
37

The semifluid material inside a chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoids is called:

A
Stroma
B
Matrix
C
Granum
D
Cytosol
38

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes for breaking down wastes and engulfed particles?

A
Golgi apparatus
B
Vacuole
C
Lysosome
D
Peroxisome
39

The outer layer of plant organs, which protects internal tissues, is the:

A
Mesophyll
B
Epidermis
C
Xylem
D
Phloem
40

In the 'Cell is like a City' analogy, the nucleus is compared to the:

A
Power plants
B
Roads and delivery
C
Waste disposal units
D
Government
41

Who first discovered and named 'cells' by observing a thin slice of cork in 1665?

A
Robert Brown
B
Robert Hooke
C
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
D
Camillo Golgi
42

The primary wall of a plant cell is mainly composed of cellulose, pectin, and:

A
Lignin
B
Chitin
C
Hemicellulose
D
Suberin
43

Carbohydrates in the cell membrane can be joined with proteins to form:

A
Glycolipids
B
Glycoproteins
C
Peptidoglycan
D
Lipoproteins
44

How many triplets of microtubules is each centriole formed of?

A
7
B
8
C
9
D
10
45

Chromoplasts are responsible for:

A
Giving colour to flowers and fruits
B
Storage of starch
C
Photosynthesis
D
Providing structural support
46

The function of cilia and flagella is:

A
Energy production
B
Movement
C
Protein synthesis
D
Detoxification
47

Which phase is NOT part of the interphase?

A
G1 Phase
B
S Phase
C
G2 Phase
D
M Phase
48

During which phase of the cell cycle is the DNA of each chromosome replicated?

A
G1 Phase
B
S Phase
C
G2 Phase
D
M Phase
49

What is the name for the division of the nucleus during mitosis?

A
Cytokinesis
B
Karyokinesis
C
Interphase
D
Telophase
50

In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the equator of the cell?

A
Prophase
B
Metaphase
C
Anaphase
D
Telophase
51

The network of microtubules that forms during prophase is called?

A
Spindle Fibres
B
Chromatin Network
C
Nuclear Matrix
D
Cytoskeleton
52

What structure is formed in plant cells during cytokinesis to divide the cytoplasm?

A
Cleavage Furrow
B
Cell Ring
C
Phragmoplast
D
Microtubule Ring
53

Mitosis is crucial for which of the following processes?

A
Sexual Reproduction
B
Gamete Formation
C
Growth and Repair
D
Genetic Variation
54

Uncontrolled cell division can lead to the formation of?

A
Cysts
B
Organs
C
Tumors
D
Tissues
55

In meiosis, a diploid parent cell produces how many haploid daughter cells?

A
Two
B
Four
C
Six
D
Eight
56

The process where homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase-I is called?

A
Synapsis
B
Crossing Over
C
Disjunction
D
Replication
57

The exchange of chromosome portions between non-sister chromatids is known as?

A
Synapsis
B
Disjunction
C
Recombination
D
Crossing Over
58

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

A
Anaphase-I
B
Anaphase-II
C
Metaphase-I
D
Telophase-I
59

After meiosis-I, each daughter cell has?

A
The same number of chromosomes as the parent
B
Twice the number of chromosomes
C
Half the number of chromosomes
D
No chromosomes
60

Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

A
DNA Replication
B
Spindle Formation
C
Crossing Over
D
Cytokinesis
61

If a parent cell has 10 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis?

A
5
B
10
C
20
D
15
62

What is the primary significance of meiosis?

A
Growth of the organism
B
Repair of tissues
C
Asexual reproduction
D
Production of gametes
63

A cell that exits the cell cycle and stops dividing enters which phase?

A
G1 Phase
B
S Phase
C
G0 Phase
D
G2 Phase
64

During anaphase of mitosis, what separates and moves to opposite poles?

A
Homologous chromosomes
B
Sister chromatids
C
Centromeres
D
Spindle fibres
65

What is the role of kinetochore proteins?

A
They form the spindle fibres
B
They attach spindle fibres to the centromere
C
They condense the chromatin
D
They break down the nuclear envelope
66

In animal cells, cytokinesis begins with the formation of a?

A
Cell plate
B
Phragmoplast
C
Cleavage furrow
D
Vesicle wall
67

Which type of cells in the human body are constantly replaced by mitosis?

A
Nerve cells
B
Muscle cells
C
Red blood cells
D
Gamete cells
68

The process where a part of an organism grows back, like a starfish arm, is called?

A
Budding
B
Asexual Reproduction
C
Regeneration
D
Cloning
69

What are malignant tumors that invade other tissues also known as?

A
Benign tumors
B
Metastasis
C
Cancer
D
Cell masses
70

The German biologist who discovered the events of mitosis was?

A
Oscar Hertwig
B
Gregor Mendel
C
Walther Flemming
D
Robert Hooke
71

In meiosis-I, a pair of homologous chromosomes is referred to as a?

A
Bivalent
B
Tetrad
C
Dyad
D
Monad
72

What is the outcome of non-disjunction during meiosis?

A
Genetically identical gametes
B
Gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers
C
Faster cell division
D
Normal zygote formation
73

In flowering plants, meiosis produces what?

A
Gametes
B
Spores
C
Zygotes
D
Seeds
74

The M phase of the cell cycle consists of?

A
Karyokinesis only
B
Cytokinesis only
C
Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis
D
Interphase and Cytokinesis
75

In the G1 phase, the cell grows and synthesizes?

A
DNA
B
Chromosomes
C
Spindle fibres
D
Proteins and organelles
76

How long does the interphase typically last in the cell cycle?

A
About 50% of the time
B
About 75% of the time
C
About 90% of the time
D
About 25% of the time
77

During telophase of mitosis, what reforms around the sets of chromosomes?

A
Spindle fibres
B
Cell membrane
C
Nuclear envelope
D
Metaphase plate
78

Hydra reproduces asexually by which process involving mitosis?

A
Fragmentation
B
Fission
C
Budding
D
Spore formation
79

The point where non-sister chromatids form an X-shaped structure for crossing over is called?

A
Centromere
B
Kinetochore
C
Chiasma
D
Synapse
80

In anaphase-II of meiosis, what gets pulled apart to opposite poles?

A
Homologous chromosomes
B
Tetrads
C
Sister chromatids
D
Non-sister chromatids
81

Which cells in the human body may remain in the G0 phase for indefinite periods?

A
Epithelial cells
B
Liver cells
C
Neurons
D
Skin cells
82

Binary fission is a type of cell division found in?

A
Eukaryotes
B
Plants
C
Animals
D
Prokaryotes
83

In plant cells, which organelle produces vesicles that form the phragmoplast?

A
Ribosomes
B
Mitochondria
C
Golgi apparatus
D
Endoplasmic reticulum
84

What is restored in the zygote during sexual reproduction?

A
The haploid number of chromosomes
B
The original diploid number of chromosomes
C
Genetic variation
D
The number of gametes
85

Errors in mitosis can lead to a daughter cell receiving?

A
Both sister chromosomes
B
No chromosomes
C
A damaged chromosome
D
All of the above
86

Meiosis contributes to genetic diversity through?

A
Asexual reproduction
B
Crossing over and random assortment
C
Cell replacement
D
Binary fission
87

During metaphase-I, what aligns at the cell's equator?

A
Single chromosomes
B
Sister chromatids
C
Tetrads (homologous pairs)
D
Centrosomes
88

Which of these is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A
Meiosis involves one division, mitosis involves two
B
Mitosis produces haploid cells, meiosis produces diploid cells
C
Homologous chromosomes pair up in meiosis but not in mitosis
D
Mitosis creates genetic variation, meiosis does not
89

In which phase does the cell check for DNA damage after replication and make repairs?

A
G1 Phase
B
S Phase
C
G2 Phase
D
M Phase
90

What happens to the nucleolus during prophase of mitosis?

A
It becomes larger
B
It duplicates
C
It breaks down
D
It moves to the poles
91

What is the term for the spreading of malignant tumors to other parts of the body?

A
Metastasis
B
Benign growth
C
Invasion
D
Disjunction
92

The final result of meiosis and cytokinesis is?

A
Two diploid cells
B
Two haploid cells
C
Four diploid cells
D
Four haploid cells
93

Sister chromatids are attached to each other at a point called the?

A
Kinetochore
B
Centrosome
C
Centromere
D
Chiasma
94

The division of cytoplasm is known as?

A
Karyokinesis
B
Cytokinesis
C
Interkinesis
D
Apoptosis
95

Which event happens during telophase-I of meiosis?

A
Chromosomes condense
B
Spindle fibres form
C
Homologous chromosomes separate
D
A new nuclear envelope forms around each haploid set
96

Mitochondria are specialized for cellular respiration, while ribosomes are specialized for what?

A
Energy storage
B
Protein synthesis
C
Cell division
D
Waste removal
97

Which tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities like the skin?

A
Muscle tissue
B
Connective tissue
C
Nervous tissue
D
Epithelial tissue
98

What is the primary function of vascular tissue like xylem and phloem in plants?

A
Protection
B
Support
C
Photosynthesis
D
Transport of water and nutrients
99

Which of the following is an example of an organ system in plants?

A
Leaf
B
Root system
C
Flower
D
Xylem
100

New functions that arise from the interaction of components at a lower level are called what?

A
Basic properties
B
Complex properties
C
Emergent properties
D
Individual properties